Ost-in-Forn was an Arnorian stronghold in Arthedain. Initially built to defend Arthedain against Angmar, its northern position rendered it useless following the fall of Fornost in T.A.1974, leading to its abandonment.

In the North after the war and the slaughter of the Gladden Fields the Men of Westernesse were diminished, and their city of Annúminas beside Lake Evendim fell into ruin; and the heirs of Valandil removed and dwelt at Fornost on the high North Downs, and that now too is desolate. Men call it Deadmen’s Dike, and they fear to tread there. For the folk of Arnor dwindled, and their foes devoured them, and their lordship passed, leaving only green mounds in the grassy hills.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 2

Likely built by the Northern Dúnedain in the late Second Age, Fornost (or Fornost Erain) was the largest human settlement in the north-west of Middle-earth for much of the Third Age. After the abandonment of Annúminas in T.A. 861, it became the capital of the kingdom of Arnor and later of Arthedain, one of its successor kingdoms.

Only very little remains of the once mighty city now, as much of it was destroyed in the Witch King's capture of the city. After his defeat, the remaining Dúnedain did not rebuild their former capital, leaving its remains to decay. Its ruins were said to be haunted with no one but the Dúnedain visiting what was now commonly known as Deadman's Dike.

Located at the foots of a larger hillside, Falisluokta is the largest Lossoth village in Forochel. An isolated and primitive people, the Lossoth have inhabited the very northern parts of Middle-earth for many millennia.

Located on the south-western end of the Bay of Ice, Luokta-fahkon is a Lossoth village in Forochel. Its villagers are mainly hunters and fisherman, but they grow a small number of crops. Dog sled teams help them to travel farther in the winter months to hunt bigger game such as elk and musk oxen.

The people of Luokta-fahkon regularly gather next to the totem dedicated to the holy whale Fahkon to tell stories and offer gifts to the lord of the sea. The use of whale bones as well as the wall of bones that surrounds the cemetery are further signs of their devotion to the sea spirits. The large monolith in the middle of the cemetery is where the shaman gives last rights to the departed before they are buried under a cairn.

Located on the eastern end of the High Pass over the Misty Mountains, the Beorning village of Beorgburh is fortified by two rings of wooden palisades to protect its inhabitants as well as any travelers from the Orcs lurking in the nearby mountains.

Located at the Northeast tip of the Icebay, the Lossoth village of Geagaddi is subjected to the biting cold more than any of the other Lossoth settlements. Because of its central position between the other villages, it serves as the main gathering spot for the Lossoth tribes.

A large, circular, stone sun calendar has been constructed at the top of the highest ridge. Inside are 8 thrones, one for each village leader. Here, they gather during the summer equinox to hash out trade agreements and disagreements between the people of Forochel. The yearly gathering is a time of great joy and festivities.

The people of Geagaddi are known for their worship of the dead. They believe their ancestors who have passed still live among them. Skulls of the dead can be found throughout their burial area.

Rávanima is a Noldor village in Forlindon.

In Lindon north of the Lune dwelt Gil-galad, last heir of the kings of the Noldor in exile.
- Appendix B, The Tale of Years

One of the three Elven havens built on the shores of the Gulf of Lhûn during the Second Age, the harbour of Forlond was established in northern Lindon after the drowning of Beleriand.

The dwindling of the Elves has left much of the city in ruins. Only the city's centre remains inhabited by the end of the Third Age. The few remaining Elves maintain nothing but the harbour itself.

The Noldor’s interest in art and ability with stonework has provided the greatly advanced architecture seen in the city's most prominent mark, the palace of Gil-galad, the last High King of the Noldor. It has been abandoned since his death during the War of the Last Alliance over three millennia ago, leaving the once mighty palace complex a shadow of its former self.

Tunstede is a Beorning village between the Old Ford and Burneburg.

Burneburg is a Beorning town along the Anduin river. The majority of the town, along with a larger wooden fort sit on a small island in the middle of the river.

‘Behold! You are come to Cerin Amroth,’ said Haldir. ‘For this is the heart of the ancient realm as it was long ago, and here is the mound of Amroth, where in happier days his high house was built. Here ever bloom the winter flowers in the unfading grass: the yellow elanor, and the pale niphredil. Here we will stay awhile, and come to the city of the Galadhrim at dusk.’
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 6

The hill of Cerin Amroth is named after Amroth, the last King of Lórien, who once dwelled here. Located north of Caras Galadhon, its main purpose is to keep watch on the ruined fortress of Dol Guldur.

The Beorning village of Brimstream lies at the feet of the Misty Mountains. Its wooden houses sit on either side of a larger stream.

Stanbrycg is a farming village in the east of the Westfold.

Located in the north of the Westfold, the village of Fugoldun lies north of Mearhdenu. A sizeable market lies near its eastern entrance and is frequented by those passing through. Several Beorning families live in the village, none of whom are of the shape-shifting variety.

Edrainglad was an Arnorian town in Arthedain. It was destroyed by the forces of Angmar in T.A. 1974.

Holtwic is a small Beorning village sitting along the Old Forest Road west of the Old Ford.

Neither Hirluin the fair would return to Pinnath Gelin, nor Grimbold to Grimslade, nor Halbarad to the Northlands, dour-handed Ranger. No few had fallen, renowned or nameless, captain or soldier; for it was a great battle and the full count of it no tale has told.
- The Return of the King (Book 5), Chapter 6

Located in the Westfold of Rohan, Grimslade is the ancestral home of Grimbold, one of the Marshals of the Mark.

Located on the western edges of the Westfold, Aldorstowe is named after Aldor, the third King of Rohan, who used this village as his base of operations in his successful wars against the Dunlendings. Situated along one of the main roads through Rohan, the village is also an important trade hub.

Located just north-east of Helm's Deep in the Westfold, Helmham is named after the famed former King of Rohan, Helm Hammerhand.

The host rode on. Need drove them. Fearing to come too late, they rode with all the speed they could, pausing seldom. Swift and enduring were the steeds of Rohan, but there were many leagues to go. Forty leagues and more it was, as a bird flies, from Edoras to the fords of the Isen, where they hoped to find the king’s men that held back the hosts of Saruman.
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 7

Two forts sit on the western banks of the river Isen, marking the western border of the kingdom of Rohan. They guard the only safe crossing for larger hosts over the river south of Isengard.

The fords were originally guarded by the Dúnedain at Isengard and Helm's Deep as they marked the north-western border of the kingdom of Gondor. They were given to the Éothéod along with the other lands that would thereafter be known as Rohan in T.A. 2510. The Rohirrim erected the two forts to guard the western entrance into their kingdom more closely.

Canas Esgar was a town in Arthedain. Largely abandoned due to the war with Angmar, the remaining population was wiped out by the Great Plague in T.A. 1636.

The chief settlement of the Westfold, Folcmund is located east of Helm's Deep. Sitting on top of a small hill and protected by a tall wooden palisade, it is more heavily fortified than any other settlement in the region.

Stipel is a Rohirrim village in the Westfold north of Aldorstowe. Its wooden keep overlooks the village's surrounding lands.

The only permanent settlement in the Eastemnet, this fort guards the eastern side of the Entwade, the sole safe crossing over the Entwash in the region.

Located in the centre of the Folde, the farmers of Oferdun maintain much of the region's vast fieldlands. The village is also notable for its cider production as a large cidery lies in its south eastern end.

Located at the confluence of the Snowbourn and the Entwash, Schephurst is the easternmost village in the Folde.

The hillfort village of Eamund lies in the east of the Folde, between the two major Rohirrim settlements of Edoras and Aldburg. Its three ramparts make it an important defensive stronghold.

Ealdsele sits on the northern edge of the Folde, guarding one of the main roads leading into the Westemnet. Its position makes it an important trade hub, as many travelers and merchants on their way from and to Edoras pass through here. The village first grew around an old homestead which now lies in the village's centre and the defenses of which are still being kept intact.

The only real official in the Shire at this date was the Mayor of Michel Delving (or of the Shire), who was elected every seven years at the Free Fair on the White Downs at the Lithe, that is at Midsummer.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 1), Prologue

The White Downs are a range of chalk downs in the Westfarthing. Michel Delving, the chief town of the Shire, sits amongst its hills.

Located on the western edge of the Folde, the village of Yppeton sits on the slopes of a hill along a larger stream flowing into the Snowbourn. The village's fort is an important defensive position along the western road leading to Edoras.

On his return Rómendacil fortified the west shore of Anduin as far as the inflow of the Limlight, and forbade any stranger to pass down the River beyond the Emyn Muil.
- Appendix A, Annals of the Kings and Rulers

In the middle of the Third Age, when the Wold was still part of the Gondorian province of Calenardhon, a number of forts where erected along the western shores of the Anduin to guard the kingdom's north-eastern boarders from possible Easterling attacks. By the end of the Third Age however, only their ruins remain as they have been abandoned for over a millennium.

The grass under their feet was smooth and short, as if it had been mown or shaven. The eaves of the Forest behind were clipped, and trim as a hedge. The path was now plain before them, well-tended and bordered with stone. It wound up on to the top of a grassy knoll, now grey under the pale starry night; and there, still high above them on a further slope, they saw the twinkling lights of a house. Down again the path went, and then up again, up a long smooth hillside of turf, towards the light. Suddenly a wide yellow beam flowed out brightly from a door that was opened. There was Tom Bombadil’s house before them, up, down, under hill.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 1), Chapter 6

Home to Tom Bombadil and his wife Goldberry, this house lies on the eastern edge of the Old Forest and west of the Barrow-downs.

Riascach is a hillfort village in southern Dunland. Located along the two main roads of the region, its fortifications consist of three tall mounds that help protect its inhabitants from possible attackers.

The hillfort village of Mai Dun sits in central Dunland between two of the region's largest forests.

Forvenathrad was an Arnorian town in Cardolan. Largely abandoned due to the war with Angmar, the remaining population was wiped out by the Great Plague in T.A. 1636.

The great flood of the Long Winter in T.A. 2912 destroyed much of the city's remains, leaving only the foundations of what once was the town's centre.

Grenewæt is the southernmost village of the Westemnet. It lies just north of Eamund west of the Entwash.

Sitting among an old Alder glove, the Westemnet village of Faraholt mostly consists of stilt houses as it borders a marshland towards the north.

Cois Abhann is the northernmost village of Dunland. Sitting along the southern banks of a minor confluence of the river Greyflood, a number of the village's inhabitants are fishermen.

Located on a large hill at the feet of the Misty Mountains, Ard Phuing is the chief village of Dunland.

Located close to the border with Gondor, the village of Thorpe is not only the eastern most settlement in the Eastfold but the entire kingdom of Rohan. It overlooks the road toward Anórien.

The small village of Weardseld grew around an old Gondorian watchtower guarding the main road connecting the Eastfold and Anórien.

Sitting in the north of the Eastfold, Stæpham's fields help to supplement the produce of Rondgeld which lies just west of the village.

The chief settlement of the Eastfold, Rondgeld is built among the ruins of an old Gondorian town. Similar to the first Rohirrim capital of Aldburg, early settlers chose to dwell in the remains of what once was the capital of the Gondorian province of Calenardhon due to its defensibility. Notable ruins include the town's walls and keep, the remains of its theatre, and the old harbour to the town's north.

She gave it back to Frodo, and went to her own people, the Bracegirdles of Hardbottle.
- The Return of the King (Book 6), Chapter 9

Hardbottle is a village in the Northfarthing and home to the Bracegirdle family.

‘Peace, Éothain!’ said Éomer in his own tongue. ‘Leave me a while. Tell the éored to assemble on the path, and make ready to ride to the Entwade.’
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 2

The chief settlement of the Westemnet, Entwade Town sits next to the ford of the same name, allowing for safe passage over the Entwash. The town serves as a gateway of trade to the western parts of Rohan from areas to the north east.

Cemparest grew around an old Gondorian fort sitting on top of a wide hill. The fort is only barely maintained now, as its remote position in the north-western corner of the Eastfold makes it less strategically important than those located along the region's major trade routes.

Dun Thuaidh is a small village in northern Dunland at the feet of the Misty Mountains.

Dôr Ledin was an Arnorian town in Cardolan. Largely abandoned due to the war with Angmar, the remaining population was wiped out by the Great Plague in T.A. 1636.

The great flood of the Long Winter in T.A. 2912 destroyed much of the city's remains, leaving only the foundations of what once was the town's centre.

It was some distance from the Brandywine to Frodo’s new house at Crickhollow. [...] Nothing could be seen of the house in the dark: it stood back from the lane in the middle of a wide circle of lawn surrounded by a belt of low trees inside the outer hedge. Frodo had chosen it, because it stood in an out-of-the-way corner of the country, and there were no other dwellings close by. You could get in and out without being noticed.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 1), Chapter 5

Crickhollow is a house on the eastern edge of Buckland, north-east of Brandy Hall. Brandybuck Hobbits seeking recluse from the busy and crowded Brandy Hall choose to dwell there on occasion.

Celondyr was an Arnorian town in Cardolan. Largely abandoned due to the war with Angmar, the remaining population was wiped out by the Great Plague in T.A. 1636.

The great flood of the Long Winter in T.A. 2912 destroyed much of the city's remains, leaving only the foundations of what once was the town's centre.

Casthenid was founded in the early Third Age near an old Númenórean fort guarding the Greyflood and quickly grew wealthy. Eventually, the fort was transformed into a fortified mansion, and a palace was built next to it. After the split of the kingdom of Arnor, it became part of the kingdom of Cardolan.

The war against Angmar led most of the inhabitants to desert the town. The remaining population was decimated by the Great Plague in T.A. 1636, leaving the remains of the town to ruin. The great flood of the Long Winter in T.A. 2912 completely erased the lower town and harbour.

Cae Uchel is a hillfort village in southern Dunland.

Breredon is a village in the south-east of Buckland. It lies on the northern banks of the Withywindle and at the southern end of the High Hay.

On the eastern bank to their left they saw long formless slopes stretching up and away towards the sky; brown and withered they looked, as if fire had passed over them, leaving no living blade of green: an unfriendly waste without even a broken tree or a bold stone to relieve the emptiness. They had come to the Brown Lands that lay, vast and desolate, between Southern Mirkwood and the hills of the Emyn Muil. What pestilence or war or evil deed of the Enemy had so blasted all that region even Aragorn could not tell.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 9

The Brown Lands are a stretch of ruined land south of Mirkwood and north of the Emyn Muil. They were devastated by Sauron in the late Second Age in an attempt to halt the advance of the Last Alliance toward Mordor. He also destroyed the Entwives who once had their gardens here.

‘As was agreed, I shall here blindfold the eyes of Gimli the Dwarf. The others may walk free for a while, until we come nearer to our dwellings, down in Egladil, in the Angle between the waters.’
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 6

The Egladil is the heartland of Lórien in which Caras Galdahon, the region's chief settlement, lies.

Thus he came to the battle of the Field of Celebrant, for that was the name of the green land that lay between Silverlode and Limlight. There the northern army of Gondor was in peril. Defeated in the Wold and cut off from the south, it had been driven across the Limlight, and was then suddenly assailed by the Orc-host that pressed it towards the Anduin. All hope was lost when, unlooked for, the Riders came out of the North and broke upon the rear of the enemy. Then the fortunes of battle were reversed, and the enemy was driven with slaughter over Limlight.
- Appendix A, Annals of the Kings and Rulers

The area between the rivers Silverlode and Limlight south of Lóthlorien, Parth Celebrant is where the decisive battle between Gondor and the Balcoth Easterlings took place in the late Third Age. The intervention of the Éothéod resulted in a Gondorian victory and the swearing of the Oath of Eorl, which granted the Éothéod the lands now known as Rohan.

Pelandros ("Walled town at Andros"), or Androbel is an old settlement at western bank of the crossing of Cair Andros. It is located between Lisclorn and Osgiliath in Anórien.

It is possible that a permanent military camp already existed at Pre-Alliance Colonial era. A garrison was first built and townland formed around it with city walls. During the reign of the Ship Kings, Pelandros was a city of modest size where dual authorities of the Captain and the Warden existed. During Kinstrife, Castamir besieged and took the city, and a great fire rampaged everything within. King Eldacar had to recover it during his second reign. The city still continued to prosper, even through the era of Plague and chaos in the outer fiefs. But Fall of Rhûnaer and Rhovanion, gradual ruralization of Calenardhon towns and Osgiliath meant shrinking economic value of Pelandros. Progressive ruralisation is quite clear, despite continous immigration from Ithilien between 25-29th centuries. At some point of late third millenium, seat of Warden was abolished and authority integrated with Captain. Captain of Pelandros also became subject to Captain of Cair Andros. Steward Túrin II renewed garrison of Pelandros, moving most of troops to eastern part of the city. At the last century, most of the population had deserted Pelandros. In TA 3006, the town merely consists of the garrison and community of farmsteads and artisans that support Cair Andros.

Thus Eorl became the first King of the Mark, and he chose for his dwelling a green hill before the feet of the White Mountains that were the south-wall of his land. There the Rohirrim lived afterwards as free men under their own kings and laws, but in perpetual alliance with Gondor.
- Appendix A, The House of Eorl

The first capital of the kingdom of Rohan, Aldburg was erected by Eorl the Young, the first king of the Mark. After the founding of Edoras, the kings of Rohan ruled from its Golden Hall and Aldburg became home to a side branch of the royal family, a member of whom holds the title of the Third Marshal of the Riddermark. The current head of this branch is king Théoden's nephew, Éomer.

Built around an old Gondorian stronghold sat on top of a green hill, the city is further fortified by multiple rows of ditches, ramparts, and palisade walls which were continuously added as the city grew throughout the centuries. This makes the city not only a key defensive position but also the chief gathering place for the riders of the Eastmark.

‘I have heard nothing of this in my own land, save only songs that tell how the Onodrim, that Men call Ents, dwelt there long ago; for Fangorn is old, old even as the Elves would reckon it.’
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 2

Located at the southern end of the Misty Mountains north-east of Isengard, the Fangorn Forest (or Entwood) is the home of the Ents. A deep and dark woodland, it is one of the last remains of the once vast forests that occupied much of the Westlands before they were destroyed by the Númenóreans and Sauron in the Second Age. It is avoided by both locals and travelers as the Ents kill those who wander deep enough into the forest.

“‘Minas Ithil they built, Tower of the Moon,’ it was called; but it is now Minas Morgul, the Tower of Sorcery. The name of Minas Anor they changed to Minas Tirith. Ever they hearken to the good side, though of old Anor was the fairest city in Gondor, save only Osgiliath the city of stars, and yet Morgul has the ancient beauty still. Fair and silent. But its beauty is an evil mockery.”
-The Return of the King (Book 5), Chapter 1

Formerly a magnificent stronghold of Gondor, this ominous fortress currently exists as a distorted and sinister reflection of its past greatness. Located in a shadowy valley at the base of the Mountains of Shadow, the fortress exudes an eerie glow and unnatural coldness, its ghostly pale light can be seen from afar. The city, formerly filled with pride but now infused with wickedness, is ruled by a skinny tower and enclosed by walls emitting a disturbing light, mirroring the decay that has established itself inside.

After the fortress was seized and influenced by evil forces, it was transformed into a base for the Nazgûl, the Ringwraiths. It acts as their headquarters, where they initiate their evil plans and strike fear into the nearby territories. The atmosphere surrounding the citadel is heavy with fear, and a sense of doom looms over the land. The previously lush and verdant valley is now a desolate wasteland, showcasing the sinister influence that now dwells there, transforming the formerly vibrant and noble city into a site of terror and misery.

Fog still hung in veils upon the crumbling rock-wall, and to their left mist shrouded the River: they could hear it rushing and foaming over the sharp shelves and stony teeth of Sarn Gebir, but they could not see it.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 9

The Sarn Gebir are the rapids of the river Anduin as it flows through the Emyn Muil north of the Argonath. Their pointy stones and eyots make them untraversable, which led the Gondorians to create a small portage-way along the western banks of the rapids to allow for travel with smaller boats from Rhovanion to Osgiliath.

As Frodo was borne towards them the great pillars rose like towers to meet him. Giants they seemed to him, vast grey figures silent but threatening. Then he saw that they were indeed shaped and fashioned: the craft and power of old had wrought upon them, and still they preserved through the suns and rains of forgotten years the mighty likenesses in which they had been hewn. Upon great pedestals founded in the deep waters stood two great kings of stone: still with blurred eyes and crannied brows they frowned upon the North. The left hand of each was raised palm outwards in gesture of warning; in each right hand there was an axe; upon each head there was a crumbling helm and crown. Great power and majesty they still wore, the silent wardens of a long-vanished kingdom.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 9

After a deceive victory against the Easterlings in the middle of the Third Age, the Gondorians erected the two pillars of Argonath. Modelled after the brothers Isildur and Anárion, they symbolize Gondor's defiance against its eastern enemies, and marked the Kingdom's furthest northern border. Behind the pillars lies a narrow gap which leads to Nen Hithoel.

They had come to the feet of stony hills, and their pace was slower, for the trail was no longer easy to follow. Here the highlands of the Emyn Muil ran from North to South in two long tumbled ridges. The western side of each ridge was steep and difficult, but the eastward slopes were gentler, furrowed with many gullies and narrow ravines. All night the three companions scrambled in this bony land, climbing to the crest of the first and tallest ridge, and down again into the darkness of a deep winding valley on the other side.
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 2

The Emyn Muil is a range of hills surrounding Nen Hithoel. Its spiky hills and deep valleys make it difficult to trespass. Large cliffs mark the range's western, southern, and eastern ends, further complicating traversal through the region.

The ridge upon which the companions stood went down steeply before their feet. Below it twenty fathoms or more, there was a wide and rugged shelf which ended suddenly in the brink of a sheer cliff: the East Wall of Rohan. So ended the Emyn Muil, and the green plains of the Rohirrim stretched away before them to the edge of sight.
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 2

The East Wall of Rohan is a sheer cliff face which marks the western edge of the Emyn Muil as they meet the plains of the Eastemnet, as well as the north-eastern border of the kingdom of Rohan.

The pent waters spread out into a long oval lake, pale Nen Hithoel, fenced by steep grey hills whose sides were clad with trees, but their heads were bare, cold-gleaming in the sunlight. At the far southern end rose three peaks. The midmost stood somewhat forward from the others and sundered from them, an island in the waters, about which the flowing River flung pale shimmering arms.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 9

Nen Hithoel is a large lake sitting among the hills of the Emyn Muil. The Argonath mark its northern approach as the Anduin pools into the lake. The water exits the lake on its southern end at the Falls of Rauros.

‘I feared as much,’ said Aragorn. ‘But maybe they are not on this side of the River. The light of Sting is faint, and it may point to no more than spies of Mordor roaming on the slopes of Amon Lhaw.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 10

The ruin of Amon Lhaw sits on top of the easternmost peak at the southern end of Nen Hithoel. Erected in the days of the great kings of Gondor, it houses a great ancient chair called the Seat of Hearing. While its original purpose is unknown, it has long been used by the spies of Mordor to keep watch on its surroundings.

Aragorn led them to the right arm of the River. Here upon its western side under the shadow of Tol Brandir a green lawn ran down to the water from the feet of Amon Hen. Behind it rose the first gentle slopes of the hill clad with trees, and trees marched away westward along the curving shores of the lake. A little spring fell tumbling down and fed the grass. ‘Here we will rest tonight,’ said Aragorn. ‘This is the lawn of Parth Galen: a fair place in the summer days of old. Let us hope that no evil has yet come here.’
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 10

Parth Galen is a sward on the western shore of Nen Hithoel.

Soon he came out alone on the summit of Amon Hen, and halted, gasping for breath. He saw as through a mist a wide flat circle, paved with mighty flags, and surrounded with a crumbling battlement; and in the middle, set upon four carven pillars, was a high seat, reached by a stair of many steps.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 10

The ruin of Amon Hen sits on top of the westernmost peak at the southern end of Nen Hithoel. Erected in the days of the great kings of Gondor, it consists of a wide flat circle paved with large stones and encircled with a ruined battlement surrounding a great ancient chair called the Seat of Seeing. Its original purpose is unknown.

The sides of the westward hills fell into shadow, and the Sun grew round and red. Here and there a misty star peered out. The three peaks loomed before them, darkling in the twilight. Rauros was roaring with a great voice. Already night was laid on the flowing waters when the travellers came at last under the shadow of the hills.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 9

This majestic waterfall is situated where the Great River Anduin plunges down steep cliffs. The waters rush with immense strength, producing a mist visible from far away. The area around the waterfall is marked by steep cliffs and thick woods, enhancing the region's striking and untamed beauty. To one side of the falls, a narrow stair was cut by Gondor in ages past, allowing travelers to make their way down to the lower Anduin. This waterfall is both a breathtaking sight and a reminder of the power and unpredictability of nature in this vast, mythical land.

There stood a tower of marvellous shape. It was fashioned by the builders of old, who smoothed the Ring of Isengard, and yet it seemed a thing not made by the craft of Men, but riven from the bones of the earth in the ancient torment of the hills. A peak and isle of rock it was, black and gleaming hard: four mighty piers of many-sided stone were welded into one, but near the summit they opened into gaping horns, their pinnacles sharp as the points of spears, keen-edged as knives. Between them was a narrow space, and there upon a floor of polished stone, written with strange signs.
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 8

Lying in a vale at the southern end of the Misty Mountains, the fortress of Isengard (or Angrenost) consists of a circular wall which surrounds the great tower of Orthanc. Standing at over 500 feet tall, it was constructed by the Dúnedain in the late Second Age and has housed the Orthanc-stone, one of the nine palantíri, ever since.

After the tower of Orthanc was locked and abandoned by the Gondorians following the Great Plague of T.A. 1636, the area surrounding Isengard became home to Dunlendings hostile to the nearby Rohirrim. The Rohirrim were only able to break their strength after the Long Winter in T.A. 2759, over a millenium later.

In the same year, the wizard Saruman returned from his travels in the east of Middle-earth and took up residence in the now deserted fortress. The vale of Isengard became hereafter known as "Nan Curunír", Wizard's Vale. However, the White Wizard has long since been scheming and preparing to challenge not just the realms of Men but Sauron himself.

Built on the remains of an old Arnorian manor, Gwâr-Estel is the chief dwelling of the remaining Northern Dúnedain. As they first began to settle there, multiple farmsteads grew around it. Serving as the headquarters of the Rangers of the North, their barracks are located in the eastern wing of the old manor complex.

While the Chieftains of the Dúnedain have traditionally resided in Gwâr-Estel, their close ties to the Elves of Rivendell and their obligations throughout the region mean they seldom stay their for an extended amount of time.

Its origin as an Arnorian manor results in Gwâr-Estel featuring more lavish feast and dining halls than the often only sparsely furnished Dúnedain homesteads throughout the rest of the Angle.

So Thráin and Thorin with what remained of their following (among whom were Balin and Glóin) returned to Dunland, and soon afterwards they removed and wandered in Eriador, until at last they made a home in exile in the east of the Ered Luin beyond the Lune. Of iron were most of the things that they forged in those days, but they prospered after a fashion, and their numbers slowly increased.
- Appendix A, Durin's Folk

Established as the chief dwelling of Durin's Folk following the loss of Erebor, Thorin's hall is a dwarven settlement in the Ered Luin. It entered a century of prosperity after its namesake, Thorin Oakenshield, became its ruler in T.A. 2845, becoming the largest dwarven settlement west of the Misty Mountains.

After the retaking of Erebor in T.A. 2941, many of Thorin's halls' inhabitants deserted the Ered Luin, choosing to live in the Lonely Mountain instead. This ended its time of prosperity, leaving it a lesser realm of Durin's Folk.

The Enedhwaith (or Central Wilderness) was shared by the North and South Kingdoms, but was never settled by Númenóreans owing to the hostility of the Dunlendings, except in the fortified town and haven about the great bridge over the Greyflood at Tharbad.
- The Peoples of Middle Earth, Of Dwarves and Men

Located on the southern border of Eriador, Tharbad was the link between the sister kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor. Beginning as a humble Númenórean harbor and fort, it steadily grew into a major trade hub throughout the Second and the first half of the Third Age. Surviving the fall of the Kingdom of Arnor, Tharbad went into a slow decline, being largely depopulated by the Great Plague and multiple floods.

In the city’s centre lie the remains of the Bridge of Tharbad, once part of the Great Road connecting the two sister kingdoms’ capitals of Fornost Erain and Osgiliath. The bridge is adjourned by forts on either side of the river, once being jointly garrisoned by Arnor and Gondor.

The remains of the city’s large harbour, amphitheatre, and circus are signs of its former splendor. The city’s south side also features the remains of roundhouses, leftovers of the Dunlendings that once dwelled in the ruins of the city.

The Inn of Bree was still there, however, and the innkeeper was an important person. His house was a meeting place for the idle, talkative, and inquisitive among the inhabitants, large and small, of the four villages; and a resort of Rangers and other wanderers, and for such travellers (mostly dwarves) as still journeyed on the East Road, to and from the Mountains.
-The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 1), Chapter 9

One of the oldest human settlements in Middle-earth, Bree is the chief village of Bree-land. It is jointly inhabited by both men and hobbits. While men live in the houses at the foot of Bree-hill, Hobbit smials occupy the paths up the hill.

Located along the great East Road, Bree is heavily frequented by travellers and dwarven merchants making their way across Eriador. Many of them choose to stay in the village's inn, the Prancing Pony. Bree also has its own market hall, where local and travelling merchants sell their wares.

This ancient hillfort sits in the south-east of the West Marches. Being of Dunlendic origin, it is mostly occupied by Middle-Men, although a few Rohirrim have settled there over the centuries. Its location makes it the economic centre of the southern West Marches and the final defensive line before the ancient fort of Frecasburg.

‘Edoras those courts are called,’ said Gandalf, ‘and Meduseld is that golden hall. There dwells Theoden son of Thengel, King of the Mark of Rohan...'
‍-The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 6

This stronghold on a hill is the main city of Rohan and the home of the Eorl family. Brego, the offspring of Eorl the Young and the successor to the throne of Rohan, designated the town as the main city in TA 2569, shifting it from Aldburg. The magnificent hall of Meduseld, with its shining golden roof, serves as both the dwelling place of the royals and the seat of power for the kings of Rohan.

Located in the Folde, the heart of Rohan referred to as the King’s Lands, the town’s advantageous placement on a hill gives it a dominant perspective of the nearby fields, representing the fortitude and determination of its residents. Surrounded by a sturdy wooden fence, one main gate opens onto a path that slopes down to the fields beneath.

This place is not just a hub of leadership, but also represents the lasting influence and link of the Rohirrim to the productive lands that provide for them. The roads are flanked by wooden and thatched houses, with the smell of horses in the air, showcasing the strong connection between the Rohirrim and their horses.

There was a wide treeless space before them, running in a great circle and bending away on either hand. Beyond it was a deep fosse lost in soft shadow, but the grass upon its brink was green, as if it glowed still in memory of the sun that had gone. Upon the further side there rose to a great height a green wall encircling a green hill thronged with mallorn-trees taller than any they had yet seen in all the land. Their height could not be guessed, but they stood up in the twilight like living towers. In their many-tiered branches and amid their ever-moving leaves countless lights were gleaming, green and gold and silver.
- The Fellowship of the Ring (Book 2), Chapter 7

Caras Galadhon is the heart of Lothlórien and the chief city and fortress of the Galadhrim. Ruled by Galadriel and Celeborn, the city was only erected in the middle of the Third Age to keep closer watch on the ruins of Dol Guldur, making it one of the few Elven settlements in Middle-earth founded after the Second Age.

The city sits on a large green hill, encircled by a ditch and a stone wall. Its only entrance lies towards its south-western end. The city proper consists of large mellon trees, the crowns of which are inhabited as the Galadhrim made their dwellings there. The crown of the tallest tree which sits on the very top of the hill is the home of Galadriel and Celeborn.

Still some miles away, on the far side of the Westfold Vale, lay a green coomb, a great bay in the mountains, out of which a gorge opened in the hills. Men of that land called it Helm’s Deep, after a hero of old wars who had made his refuge there. Ever steeper and narrower it wound inward from the north under the shadow of the Thrihyrne, till the crow-haunted cliffs rose like mighty towers on either side, shutting out the light.
- The Two Towers (Book 3), Chapter 7

Named after the legendary Helm Hammerhand, this formidable stronghold is situated in a deep, natural gorge within the White Mountains, strategically positioned below the peak of Thrihyrne in the Westfold region. The rugged terrain and steep cliffs offer a natural defense, making it an ideal site for fortification.

At the head of the Westfold Vale lies a profound gorge that has served as a crucial defensive location throughout history. Flanked by steep, rugged cliffs, this deep ravine is further secured by human construction. At the lower edge of the gorge stands a formidable gateway, reinforced by the Deeping Wall and the Hornburg, creating an impregnable stronghold against invaders.

Originally established during the Second Age by the Númenórea sea-kings, the fortress was known as the Fortress of Aglarond, or "Glittering Caves" in Sindarin, reflecting the stunning, glistening caverns within the structure. The significance of this stronghold was solidified after Steward Cirion of Gondor gifted the province of Calenardhon to King Eorl, leading to its restoration and fortification, known to the Rohirrim as Suthburg.

During the Long Winter, Helm Hammerhand sought refuge within its walls, defending Rohan against a prolonged siege. His steadfast leadership earned the fortress a new name, honoring his legacy and the enduring strength of the stronghold.

“If ever you are passing my way,” said Bilbo, “don’t wait to knock! Tea is at four; but any of you are welcome at any time!” Then he turned away.
- The Hobbit, Chapter 18

 A charming village located in the center of the Shire, this place is positioned on either side of the river, surrounded by the boundaries of the Westfarthing. Recognized for its beautiful scenery and delightful houses, it acts as a main gathering place for its inhabitants. The area is known for its verdant, undulating terrain and productive agricultural land, creating a picturesque setting cherished by its residents.

Many famous hobbits, such as Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins, and Samwise Gamgee, reside in this delightful village. It includes a mixture of natural scenery and traditional rustic architecture, showcasing many smials, also known as hobbit-holes, which are underground homes that harmonize perfectly with the surroundings. Furthermore, there are dwellings constructed from wood, brick, and stone, creating diversity in the architectural style of the village. Sandyman's Mill, located on the river's north side, is a prominent structure that plays a significant role in the economy and community of the area. The Old Grange, a granary that has been a long-standing feature of the village, is located on the west side of the lane connecting the bridge to The Hill.

The village is famous for its community spirit and welcoming atmosphere, with locals frequently coming together for festivals, markets, and social gatherings, embodying the true essence of hobbit life in the Shire

His house was perfect, whether you liked food or sleep, or storytelling or singing, or just sitting and thinking best, or a pleasant mixture of them all.
- The Hobbit, Chapter 3

Rivendell, also known as Imladris, is a settlement of Elves situated in the Misty Mountains on the eastern border of Eriador. Elrond founded it in 1697 of the Second Age as a safe haven from Sauron following the downfall of Eregion. During the Second Age and Third Age, Rivendell continued to be ruled by Elrond. After Arthedain fell, Rivendell formed a close partnership with the Kings of Arnor, serving as a safe haven for the Rangers of the North and Isildur's Heir.

The sanctuary is famous for its collection of old scrolls and books, providing ancient wisdom and knowledge that has been kept safe over time. Gardens filled with colorful flowers and peaceful waterfalls enhance the sense of tranquility and reflection. The atmosphere is filled with the soothing sounds of water and the tranquil tunes of elven music, emphasizing the mystical ambience of the location.

A gathering place for the knowledgeable and the tired, providing advice and solace for those in need of a break from their travels. Strategy and camaraderie blend together as leaders come together to talk about important issues, forming a vital center of cooperation and negotiation in the face of the world's uncertainties.

Even as Pippin gazed in wonder the walls passed from looming grey to white, blushing faintly in the dawn; and suddenly the sun climbed over the eastern shadow and sent forth a shaft that smote the face of the City. Then Pippin cried aloud, for the Tower of Ecthelion, standing high within the topmost wall, shone out against the sky, glimmering like a spike of pearl and silver, tall and fair and shapely, and its pinnacle glittered as if it were wrought of crystals; and white banners broke and fluttered from the battlements in the morning breeze…
- The Return of the King (Book 5), Chapter 1

Situated within the realm of Gondor, this iconic city is strategically built on a hill at the base of Mindolluin, at the base of a towering mountain range. Its design features seven concentric levels, each encircled by white walls and accessed through a series of gates that spiral upwards. The architecture, embodying both the strength and ancient heritage of its people, showcases a blend of formidable fortification and aesthetic elegance.

At the city’s apex, the Tower of Ecthelion stands tall, serving as both a signal and symbol of hope to the entire kingdom. Surrounding the tower, the Citadel contains the Hall of the King and other crucial administrative buildings. This city is not merely the political heart of its kingdom but also a significant cultural and military center. Its strategic location of Mindolluin makes it a focal point in numerous battles, defending the realm against the forces of darkness.

The city's magnificence and strength are showcased by its lively community, busy markets, and lively celebrations that persist despite the presence of war. Here, the intertwining of history, culture, and the resilient spirit of the people forms a place of unparalleled beauty and importance.

Early in the Third Age, the Men of Gondor built a fortress at the site of modern-day Lisclorn. A vibrant town grew around it over the next several centuries, but was decimated by the Great Plague. From that point Lisclorn had gone through slow recovery, and when Ithilien fell and the Anduin around Osgiliath became no longer safe, the city experienced a renewal, becoming a major hub of trade between Rohan and Anórien.